Insecticides, biologics and nematicides: Updates to IRAC’s mode of action classification - a tool for resistance management
Thomas C. Sparks, Andrew J. Crossthwaite, Ralf Nauen, Shinichi Banba, Daniel Cordova, Fergus G.P. Earley, Ulrich Ebbinghaus‐Kintscher, Shinsuke Fujioka, Ayako Hirao, Danny Karmon, Robert M. Kennedy, T. Nakao, Holly J.R. Popham, Vincent L. Salgado, Gerald B. Watson, Barbara J. Wedel, Frank J. Wessels
Abstract
Insecticide resistance has been and continues to be a significant problem for invertebrate pest control. As such, effective insecticide resistance management (IRM) is critical to maintain the efficacy of current and future insecticides. A technical group within CropLife International, the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) was established 35 years ago (1984) as an international association of crop protection companies that today spans the globe. IRAC's focus is on preserving the long-term utility of insect, mite, and most recently nematode control products through effective resistance management to promote sustainable agriculture and improved public health. A central task of IRAC has been the continual development and documentation of the Mode of Action (MoA) Classification scheme, which serves as an important tool for implementing IRM strategies focused on compound rotation / alternations. Updates to the IRAC MoA Classification scheme provide the latest information on the MoA of current and new insecticides and acaricides, and now includes information on biologics and nematicides. Details for these new changes and additions are reviewed herein.