The Platelet Electrome: Evidence for a Role in Regulation of Function and Surface Interaction
Michael Hughes, Emily J. Kruchek, Jonathan M. Gibbins, Oreoluwa V. Griffiths, Bader Abdal, Fatima H. Labeed
Abstract
Background: Platelets protect the body from injury through formation of blood clots, changing from a normal, quiescent state to becoming “activated” in response to external stimuli such as chemical cues, shear stress, and temperature. This causes changes in shape, increased adhesion, and alteration of electrical properties such as membrane potential V m and zeta potential ζ . These electrical phenomena have been regarded as largely unconnected; for example, changes in ζ have been attributed solely to alteration of surface lipid concentration. However, recent reports suggest that cells can alter ζ electrostatically by alteration of V m in red blood cells. We hypothesized that if platelets also modulate ζ through V m , this may provide an alternative mechanism to alter cell-cell interaction. Materials and Methods: We investigated platelets stored at different temperatures (4°C, 22°C, and 37°C) for 24 h, which is known to alter platelet behavior and electrical properties, and compared these with analyses of freshly harvested platelets. These four conditions exhibited unique sets of electrical properties ( V m , ζ , membrane conductance G eff , and cytoplasm conductivity σ cyto ), as well as surface exposure of the adhesion molecule P-selectin. These were analyzed to identify correlations between electrical parameters and platelet activation state. Results: Many parameters exhibit pairwise correlation across all four conditions, in particular between ζ and G eff , and between V m and σ cyto . Furthermore, when the electrical behavior of platelets stored at 4°C (known to activate the cells) was removed from the analysis, additional relationships were observed among the remaining conditions, including those connecting ζ and V m to the amount of P-selectin binding. Conclusion: Results suggest that V m may mechanistically alter the availability of cationic molecules at the cell surface, a process never reported before, with implications for our wider understanding of cell-molecule and cell-cell interaction.