A temperature inversion with atomic iron in the ultra-hot dayside atmosphere of WASP-189b
F. Yan, E. Pallé, A. Reiners, K. Molaverdikhani, N. Casasayas-Barris, L. Nortmann, G. Chen, P. Mollière, M. Stangret
Abstract
Temperature inversion layers are predicted to be present in ultra-hot giant planet atmospheres. Although such inversion layers have recently been observed in several ultra-hot Jupiters, the chemical species responsible for creating the inversion remain unidentified. Here, we present observations of the thermal emission spectrum of an ultra-hot Jupiter, WASP-189b, at high spectral resolution using the HARPS-N spectrograph. Using the cross-correlation technique, we detect a strong Fe I signal. The detected Fe I spectral lines are found in emission, which is direct evidence of a temperature inversion in the planetary atmosphere. We further performed a retrieval on the observed spectrum using a forward model with an MCMC approach. When assuming a solar metallicity, the best-fit result returns a temperature of 4320 −100 +120 K at the top of the inversion, which is significantly hotter than the planetary equilibrium temperature (2641 K). The temperature at the bottom of the inversion is determined as 2200 −800 +1000 K. Such a strong temperature inversion is probably created by the absorption of atomic species like Fe I .