3D structure of anisotropic flow in small collision systems at energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
W. Zhao, S. Ryu, Chun Shen, Björn Schenke
Abstract
We present ($3+1$)-dimensional [($3+1$)D] dynamical simulations of asymmetric nuclear collisions at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Employing a dynamical initial state model coupled to ($3+1$)D viscous relativistic hydrodynamics, we explore the rapidity dependence of anisotropic flow in the RHIC small system scan at 200 GeV center-of-mass energy. We calibrate parameters to describe central $^{3}\mathrm{He}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions and make extrapolations to $d+\mathrm{Au}$ and $p+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions. Our calculations demonstrate that approximately 50% of the ${v}_{3}({p}_{T})$ difference between the measurements by the STAR and PHENIX Collaborations can be explained by the use of reference flow vectors from different rapidity regions. This emphasizes the importance of longitudinal flow decorrelation for anisotropic flow measurements in asymmetric nuclear collisions, and the need for ($3+1$)D simulations. We also present results for the beam energy dependence of particle spectra and anisotropic flow in $d+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions.