A Long-Term Analysis of the Dependency of Land Surface Temperature on Land Surface Indexes
Anupam Pandey, Arun Mondal, Subhanil Guha, Pradeep Kumar Upadhyay, Durgesh Singh
Abstract
This study attempted to analyze the long-term dependency of land surface temperature (LST) on four land surface indexes—namely modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI), normalized difference bareness index (NDBaI), normalized difference built-up index (NDBI), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)—in Imphal City, India, using the summer and winter Landsat satellite data for 1991, 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016, and 2021. These land surface indexes have a different response to LST variation in the city. The results show that the LST–NDVI correlation (r = –0.40 in summer, −0.36 in winter) and LST–MNDWI correlation (r = –0.31 in summer, −0.51 in winter) are moderately negative. In contrast, the LST–NDBaI correlation (r = 0.38 in summer, 0.49 in winter) and LST–NDBI correlation (r = 0.56 in summer, 0.69 in winter) are moderately positive. The correlation is less variable in winter. A gradually increasing trend is observed in the winter correlation, whereas the summer image does not have the same type of relationship trend. The study reflects an application of remote sensing on land surface features.