A Review on High-Capacity and High-Voltage Cathodes for Next-Generation Lithium-ion Batteries
Shuvajit Ghosh, Udita Bhatta charjee, Subhajit Bhowmik, Surendra K. Martha
Abstract
lithium-ion battery (LIB) is at the forefront of energy research. Over four decades of research and development have led electric mobility to a reality. Numerous materials capable of storing lithium reversibly, either as an anode or as a cathode, are reported on a daily basis. But very few among them, such as LiCoO<sub>2</sub>, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (Li-NMC) variants (LiNi<sub>0.33</sub>Mn<sub>0.33</sub>Co<sub>0.33</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, LiNi<sub>0.5</sub>Mn<sub>0.3</sub>Co<sub>0.2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, LiNi<sub>0.6</sub>Mn<sub>0.2</sub>Co<sub>0.2</sub>O<sub>2, </sub>and LiNi<sub>0.8</sub>Mn<sub>0.1</sub>Co<sub>0.1</sub>O<sub>2</sub>)<sub>,</sub> LiNi<sub>0.8</sub>Co<sub>0.15</sub>Al<sub>0.05</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, LiFePO<sub>4</sub>, graphite, and Li<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> are successful at commercial scale. Future energy requirements demand a push in the energy density of LIBs to meet the criteria of electric aviation, power trains, stationary grids, etc. All these applications have different needs which cannot be satisfied by a particular set of materials. Therefore, various materials need to be utilized in widespread fields of battery applications in the near future. This review discusses potential cathode materials that show a capacity of &#x2265; 250 mAh g<sup>-1</sup> (Li-rich oxides, conversion materials, etc.) or average voltage of &#x2265; 4 V <italic>vs.</italic> Li<sup>+</sup>/Li (polyanionic materials, spinel oxides, etc.). Failure mechanisms, challenges, and way-outs to overcome all the issues are put forward to determine commercial viability.