Soil microbial dynamics in response to the impact of nanoparticles on agricultural implications
Dipayan Das, Birson Ingti, P. K. Paul, Jaya Pati Jamatia, Toi Ete, Tasqeen Khan, J. Kalita
Abstract
Nanotechnology is revolutionising agriculture by enhancing crop productivity, nutrient efficiency, and pest management while promoting sustainability. Nano-fertilisers minimise nutrient loss, nano-pesticides precisely target pests, and nanosensors improve precision farming by detecting contaminants. These advancements contribute to higher yields, resource conservation, and food security. Nonetheless, the impact of nanotechnology on soil microbial communities remains a critical concern. Soil microbes, including bacteria and fungi, play essential roles in nutrient cycling, soil structure, and plant health. Sustainable farming relies on maintaining microbial diversity, which supports nutrient uptake, disease suppression, and symbiotic plant interactions. The introduction of nanoparticles into agricultural soils alters soil structure, chemistry, and biological processes. Metal-based nanoparticles can disrupt nutrient cycles, microbial activity, and even induce genetic mutations affecting plant growth. Nanoparticles generate reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative stress in soil organisms, which can alter microbial physiology and ecosystem balance. The toxicity of nanoparticles varies based on their chemical composition, solubility, and surface properties. Nanoparticles enter microbial cells through passive diffusion, endocytosis, or membrane disruption, potentially causing cytotoxicity and immune responses. Microbes counteract nanotoxicity through antioxidant production, membrane modifications, efflux pumps, and genetic adaptations such as horizontal gene transfer and biofilm formation. Understanding microbial responses to nanotoxicity is essential for developing sustainable agricultural strategies. Regulating nanoparticle use, optimising nanoparticle design, and implementing soil management practices will be crucial for mitigating risks while leveraging nanotechnology’s benefits. By analysing these interactions, the review seeks to provide insights into the sustainable application of nanotechnology in agriculture while mitigating potential risks to soil health and ecosystem balance.