Cystatin C and Cardiovascular Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study
Delilah Zabaneh, Björn O. Eriksen, Ivana Išgum, Annette Peters, Christopher D. O’Donnell, Christa Meisinger, Heribert Schunkert, Wolfgang Köenig, Alanna C. Morrison, Albert Hofman, Jeanette Erdmann, Lambertus A. Kiemeney, Gerard Pasterkamp, Ingrid Toft, Nancy L. Pedersen, Nora Franceschini, Meena Kumari, Tom Wilsgaard, Nilesh J. Samani, Jens Baumert, N. Charlotte Onland‐Moret, Janine F. Felix, Michael V. Holmes, Stéphanie Debette, Anders Larsson, Erik Ingelsson, Sanaz Sedaghat, Jacqueline de Graaf, Philippe Amouyel, Christopher P. Nelson, Vinicius Tragante, Maryam Kavousi, Patrik K. E. Magnusson, Andrew P. Morris, André G. Uitterlinden, Brendan J. Keating, Bradford B. Worrall, Mika Kivimäki, Lars Lind, Vilmantas Giedraitis, Stella Trompet, Per Svensson, Mélanie Waldenberger, Paul I. W. de Bakker, Alex P. Reiner, Jessica van Setten, Johan Ärnlöv, Hester M. den Ruijter, Pim van der Harst, Barbara Thorand, Yvonne T. van der Schouw, Jonathan Marchini, Tessel E. Galesloot, Fotios Drenos, Martin Dichgans, Sander W. van der Laan, Sebastian E. Baumeister, Patricia B. Munroe, Aïcha Soumaré, Rainer Malik, J. Wouter Jukema, Tove Fall, Riyaz Patel, Folkert W. Asselbergs, Oscar H. Franco, Marcus Dörr, Joshua C. Bis, Naveed Sattar, Alexander Teumer, Abbas Dehghan, Aroon D. Hingorani, Johannes Arpegård
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show that high circulating cystatin C is associated with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), independent of creatinine-based renal function measurements. It is unclear whether this relationship is causal, arises from residual confounding, and/or is a consequence of reverse causation.