Current status and recent trends in innovative tactics and the One Health approach to address the challenge of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: a comprehensive review
Nooh Mohamed Hajhamed, Nouh Saad Mohamed, Abualgasim Elgaili Abdalla, Reem M. A. Ebrahim, S A Mohammed, Abdullah M. Bakheit, Ayman Azhary, Abdallah E. Ahmed, Abubakar Abdelbagi, Mohamed Sir Elkhatim Ali, Rihab A. Omer, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig, Ayman Ahmed, Mohammed Elfatih Hamida, Mohammad Salim
Abstract
The meteoric rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), marked by decreased antibiotic effectiveness against pathogenic bacteria, has sparked widespread concern. This phenomenon increases potential threats to public health by significantly hampering the clinical use of currently available antimicrobial agents, such as macrolides, β-lactam and glycopeptides antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ), namely the Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ), is a common opportunistic pathogen that causes various types of infections and has become one of the top healthcare problems, particularly in low-income countries. In light of bacterial evolution and the unintentional use of antibiotics for medical purposes in communities and hospitals, as well as in agriculture and livestock for non-medical purposes. These events have contributed to the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Furthermore, resistant to our most muscular treatments against invasive S. aureus infections, such as vancomycin, is no longer successful due to the emergence of Vancomycin-Resistant S. aureus ( VRSA ). The scientific community is looking for creative and spectacularly effective strategies to address this global issue in response to this pandemic threat generated by the spread of antimicrobial resistance strains, with the threat of limited treatment choices against S. aureus . In this review, we highlighted the molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and explained the antibiotic resistance profile of M ethicillin-resistant S. aureus. On the other hand, we discuss distinguished tactics for manipulating S. aureus resistance mechanisms, such as the discovery of new chemical entities that possess antimicrobial activity with novel mechanisms of action, utilization of combinatorial antibiotic therapies, chemical derivatization and repurposing of existing known drugs to improve their antibacterial efficacy, design novel vaccine for S. aureus , antimicrobial peptides and nanoparticles as a magic bullet, and finally, by implementing the One Health Agenda against S. aureus , this holistic strategy seeks to address the spread of antibiotic resistance across the interrelated health loop of human, animals, and environments.