Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particle Elemental Components and Natural and Cause-Specific Mortality—a Pooled Analysis of Eight European Cohorts within the ELAPSE Project
Jie Chen, Sophia Rodopoulou, Kees de Hoogh, Maciej Strak, Zorana Jovanovic Andersen, Richard Atkinson, Mariska Bauwelinck, Tom Bellander, Jørgen Brandt, Giulia Cesaroni, Hans Concin, Daniela Fecht, Francesco Forastiere, John Gulliver, Ole Hertel, Barbara Hoffmann, Ulla Arthur Hvidtfeldt, Nicole Janssen, Karl‐Heinz Jöckel, Jeanette T. Jørgensen, Klea Katsouyanni, Matthias Ketzel, Jochem O. Klompmaker, Anton Lager, Karin Leander, Shuo Liu, Petter Ljungman, Conor MacDonald, Patrik K. E. Magnusson, Amar Mehta, Gabriele Nagel, Bente Oftedal, Göran Pershagen, Annette Peters, Ole Raaschou‐Nielsen, Matteo Renzi, Debora Rizzuto, Evangelia Samoli, Yvonne T. van der Schouw, Sara Schramm, Per E. Schwarze, Torben Sigsgaard, Mette Sørensen, Massimo Stafoggia, Anne Tjønneland, Danielle Vienneau, Gudrun Weinmayr, Kathrin Wolf, Bert Brunekreef, Gerard Hoek
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Inconsistent associations between long-term exposure to particles with an aerodynamic diameter 2:5 lm [fine particulate matter (PM 2:5 )] components and mortality have been reported, partly related to challenges in exposure assessment. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the associations between long-term exposure to PM 2:5 elemental components and mortality in a large pooled European cohort; to compare health effects of PM 2:5 components estimated with two exposure modeling approaches, namely, supervised linear regression (SLR) and random forest (RF) algorithms. METHODS: We pooled data from eight European cohorts with 323,782 participants, average age 49 y at baseline . Residential exposure to 2010 annual average concentration of eight PM 2:5 components [copper (Cu), iron (Fe), potassium (K), nickel (Ni), sulfur (S), silicon (Si), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn)] was estimated with Europe-wide SLR and RF models at a 100 100 m scale. We applied Cox proportional hazards models to