Biosensors for copper ions determination in water: a step up progression from conventional techniques to state of art
B. K. Vinay, P ArchanaRaj, Anargha P. Nambiar, Babu Vivek
Abstract
Copper is a vital nutrient for the survival of organisms on a microscopic level however its prolonged exposure can result in serious environmental and health problems. Therefore, it becomes imperative to monitor the copper levels in water sources and ensure they are within the safe limits. Conventional techniques for copper analysis includes colorimetric methods, atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). These accompany certain drawbacks such as substantial cost, intricate operations and low sensitivity. A promising alternative and cutting-edge technique which holds a prominent position in recent times combining biological receptors with physical or chemical transducers are Biosensors. These are known to provide rapid, sensitive, selective, and low-cost measurements for copper ions in water samples. This paper reviews the journey of various traditional methodologies that lead to the evolution of biosensor as state- of-the-art development for copper determination. Moreover, the principles, advantages of biosensors, and recent advancements in biosensor technology are discussed. The developments in this field embrace the design of nanomaterials, innovative sensing elements, microfluidic devices, point of care devices and miniaturisation. Besides, the challenges, future directions of biosensor research utilisation of this technology for observing the environment and its effects. for copper ions are highlighted in this review.