Evaluation of inter- and intra-variability in gut health markers in healthy adults using an optimised faecal sampling and processing method
Kirsten Krüger, Yoou Myeonghyun, Nicky van der Wielen, Dieuwertje E. Kok, Guido Hooiveld, Shohreh Keshtkar, Marlies Diepeveen-de Bruin, Michiel G.J. Balvers, Mechteld Grootte-Bromhaar, Karin Mudde, Nhien T. H. N. Ly, Yannick Vermeiren, Lisette C. P. G. M. de Groot, Ric C. H. de Vos, Gerard Bryan Gonzales, Wilma T. Steegenga, Mara P. H. van Trijp
Abstract
Despite advances in gut health research, the variability of important gut markers within individuals over time remains underexplored. We investigated the intra-individual variation of various faecal gut health markers using an optimised processing protocol aimed at reducing variability. Faecal samples from ten healthy adults over three consecutive days demonstrated marker-specific intra-individual coefficients of variation (CV%), namely: stool consistency (16.5%), water content (5.7%), pH (3.9%), total SCFAs (17.2%), total BCFAs (27.4%), total bacteria and fungi copies (40.6% and 66.7%), calprotectin and myeloperoxidase (63.8% and 106.5%), and untargeted metabolites (on average 40%). For thirteen microbiota genera, including Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia, variability exceeded 30%, whereas microbiota diversity was less variable (Phylogenetic Diversity 3.3%, Inverse Simpson 17.2%). Mill-homogenisation of frozen faeces significantly reduced the replicates CV% for total SCFAs (20.4-7.5%) and total BCFAs (15.9-7.8%), and untargeted metabolites compared to faecal hammering only, without altering mean concentrations. Our results show the potential need for repeated sampling to accurately represent specific gut health markers. We also demonstrated the effectiveness of optimised preprocessing of human stool samples in reducing overall analytical variability.