Graphene-Based Plasmonic Antenna for Advancing Nano-Scale Sensors
Waqas Ahmad, Yihuan Wang, Guangqing Du, Qing Yang, Feng Chen
Abstract
The integration of two-dimensional graphene with gold nanostructures has significantly advanced surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based optical biosensors, due to graphene's exceptional optical, electronic, and surface properties. This review examines recent developments in graphene-based hybrid nanomaterials designed to enhance SPR sensor performance. The synergistic combination of graphene and other functional materials enables superior plasmonic sensitivity, improves biomolecular interaction, and enhances signal transduction. Key focus areas include the fundamental principle of graphene-enhanced SPR, the functional advantages of graphene hybrid platforms, and their recent applications in detecting biomolecules, disease biomarkers, and pathogens. Finally, current limitations and potential future perspectives are discussed, highlighting the transformative potential of these hybrid nanomaterials in next-generation optical biosensing.