Secondary sclerosing cholangitis and IgG4-sclerosing cholangitis – A review of cholangiographic and ultrasound imaging
Kathleen Möller, Barbara Braden, Emma L. Culver, Christian Jenssen, Ehsan Safai Zadeh, Amjad Alhyari, Christian Görg, A Ignee, Michael Hocke, Yi Dong, Siyu Sun, Siegbert Faiss, Christoph F. Dietrich
Abstract
Sclerosing cholangitis (SC) represents a spectrum of chronic progressive cholestatic diseases of the intrahepatic and/or extrahepatic biliary system characterized by patchy inflammation, fibrosis, and stricturing. Primary and secondary SC must be distinguished given the different treatment modalities, risks of malignancy, and progression to portal hypertension, cirrhosis, and hepatic failure. This review focuses on secondary SC and the pathogenic mechanisms, risk factors, clinical presentation, and novel imaging modalities that help to distinguish between these conditions. We explore the detailed use of cholangiography and ultrasound imaging techniques.