Cloud Point Extraction as an Environmentally Friendly Technique for Sample Preparation
Bartosz Sznek, Olga Kupczyk, Andrzej Czyrski
Abstract
Cloud point extraction is a sample preparation technique that involves using surfactants that are not harmful to the environment. It is based on micelle formation in which the extracted compound is encapsulated in the hydrophobic core of the micelles, which are the extracting agent. The most commonly used surfactants are nonionic. The others are anionic, cationic, or zwitterionic. The effectiveness of cloud point extraction might be enhanced by the addition of neutral salts, the application of proper pH, as well as acidic conditions and temperature. This sample preparation technique may be applied to extract analytes from the following matrices, such as biological and environmental samples. Cloud point extraction may be combined with various analytical techniques and detectors such as HPLC-UV, HPLC-MS, HPLC-FLD, inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry, gas chromatography, and flame atomic absorption spectrometry. When it is combined with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, the limit of quantitation is low—even of the order of ng/L. The recovery of the analyte may reach the value of 100%.