Buffer-Layer-Free Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells with Soft Sputtered Electrodes Optimized via Design of Experiments
Daniela De Luca, Jia Sheng Lee, Herlina Arianita Dewi, M. Thambidurai, Riyas Ahmad, Shyam Sundar Balaji, Subodh G. Mhaisalkar, Annalisa Bruno
Abstract
Semitransparent p-i-n perovskite solar cells (ST-PSCs) hold great potential for multijunction and building-integrated photovoltaics. However, depositing transparent top electrodes, such as indium tin oxide (ITO), using magnetron sputtering often requires buffer layers to prevent sputter-induced damage. This study presents a Design of Experiment approach to implement a fast ITO deposition optimization, enabling the fabrication of buffer-layer-free ST-PSCs with losses in power conversion efficiency (PCE) of less than 0.5% compared to the PSCs using metal electrodes. The developed process is transferable to different ST-PSCs incorporating perovskite of various compositions and fabrication techniques, demonstrating scalability and industrial viability for next-generation ST-PSC technologies.