P2-type layered high-entropy oxides as sodium-ion cathode materials
Junbo Wang, Sören L. Dreyer, Kai Wang, Ziming Ding, Thomas Diemant, Guruprakash Karkera, Yanjiao Ma, Abhishek Sarkar, Bei Zhou, Mikhail V. Gorbunov, Ahmad Omar, Daria Mikhailova, Volker Presser, Maximilian Fichtner, Horst Hahn, Torsten Brezesinski, Ben Breitung, Qingsong Wang
Abstract
Abstract P2-type layered oxides with the general Na-deficient composition Na x TMO 2 ( x < 1, TM: transition metal) are a promising class of cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries. The open Na + transport pathways present in the structure lead to low diffusion barriers and enable high charge/discharge rates. However, a phase transition from P2 to O2 structure occurring above 4.2 V and metal dissolution at low potentials upon discharge results in rapid capacity degradation. In this work, we demonstrate the positive effect of configurational entropy on the stability of the crystal structure during battery operation. Three different compositions of layered P2-type oxides were synthesized by solid-state chemistry, Na 0.67 (Mn 0.55 Ni 0.21 Co 0.24 )O 2 , Na 0.67 (Mn 0.45 Ni 0.18 Co 0.24 Ti 0.1 Mg 0.03 )O 2 and Na 0.67 (Mn 0.45 Ni 0.18 Co 0.18 Ti 0.1 Mg 0.03 Al 0.04 Fe 0.02 )O 2 with low, medium and high configurational entropy, respectively. The high-entropy cathode material shows lower structural transformation and Mn dissolution upon cycling in a wide voltage range from 1.5 to 4.6 V. Advanced operando techniques and post-mortem analysis were used to probe the underlying reaction mechanism thoroughly. Overall, the high-entropy strategy is a promising route for improving the electrochemical performance of P2 layered oxide cathodes for advanced sodium-ion battery applications.