Comprehensive review of Mg-based alloys: Mechanical, chemical and biological properties for prosthetic and orthopedic applications
C. Pranaya Joshi, R. Narasimha Rao, Chitti Babu Golla, Mutlu Özcan, P. Syam Prasad
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys have emerged as highly promising materials for temporary orthopedic implants due to their exceptional combination of properties. These include biodegradability, superior biocompatibility, and mechanical attributes—such as density and elastic modulus—that closely match those of natural bone, making them an ideal alternative to conventional implant materials. This review provides a detailed examination of the progress in developing Mg alloys and explores state-of-the-art fabrication techniques aimed at enhancing their mechanical, corrosion, and biological performance. However, a persistent challenge lies in achieving a homogeneous dispersion of ceramic nanoparticles within the Mg matrix, which is critical for optimizing the composite's properties. Addressing these challenges necessitates a strategic selection of production methods and reinforcement materials to improve the performance of Mg-ceramic composites tailored to specific applications. This review delves into the influence of various fabrication techniques and reinforcement types on the mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility of these composites. Furthermore, it emphasizes the role of these advancements in bridging the gap between laboratory research and clinical applications of Mg-based materials. Potential applications of Mg matrix nanocomposites in orthopedic implants are analyzed, with particular attention to their ability to meet the demanding requirements of temporary implants. The review also identifies key successes achieved in this field and highlights critical areas requiring further research. Finally, it provides future directions to guide the development of Mg-based materials toward their full potential as transformative biomaterials for orthopedic applications.