Crucial functions of gut microbiota on gut–liver repair

Abstract

The gut microbiota exert a critical influence on the gut–liver axis by facilitating intestinal and hepatic repair via intricate bidirectional mechanisms. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), metabolic-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), and the gut–liver axis exemplify the complex interplay between the gut microbiota and hepatic function. This review explores the interplay between microbial metabolites and their roles in maintaining intestinal integrity and promoting liver regeneration. Emerging evidence shows that gut microbiota support intestinal and liver health by modulating immune responses via microbial metabolites and interactions with host immune cells. Moreover, advances in personalized therapies, including probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), could potentially restore microbial balance and enhance tissue repair. Understanding these relationships presents opportunities for innovative interventions to improve gut and liver health, particularly in individuals with metabolic disorders. • The gut–liver axis facilitates bidirectional communication, where gut microbes influence liver health and bile acids shape gut microbiota. • Microbial metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids, and indoles strengthen the gut barrier and promote liver repair. • Personalized interventions like probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) advance gut–liver health. • Understanding and translating of gut–liver interactions remain challenges, requiring further exploration for precision medicine.

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