Emerging and Neglected Viruses of Zoonotic Importance in Croatia
Tatjana Vilibić‐Čavlek, Ljubo Barbić, Anna Mrzljak, Dragan Brnić, Ana Klobučar, Maja Ilić, Natasa Janev-Holcer, Maja Bogdanić, Lorena Jemeršić, Vladimir Stevanović, Irena Tabain, Stjepan Krčmar, Marko Vucelja, Jelena Prpić, Marko Boljfetić, Pavle Jeličić, Josip Madić, Ivana Ferenčak, Vladimir Savić
Abstract
Several arboviruses have emerged in Croatia in recent years. Tick-borne encephalitis is endemic in continental counties; however, new natural micro-foci have been detected. Two autochthonous dengue cases were reported in 2010. West Nile virus emerged in 2012, followed by emergence of Usutu virus in 2013. Although high seroprevalence rates of Toscana virus have been detected among residents of Croatian littoral, the virus remains neglected, with only a few clinical cases of neuroinvasive infections reported. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus is a neglected neuroinvasive rodent-borne virus. So far, there are no reports on human clinical cases; however, the seroprevalence studies indicate the virus presence in the Croatian mainland. Puumala and Dobrava hantaviruses are widely distributing rodent-borne viruses with sporadic and epidemic occurrence. Hepatitis E virus is an emerging food-borne virus in Croatia. After the emergence in 2012, cases were regularly recorded. Seropositivity varies greatly by region and population group. Rotaviruses represent a significant healthcare burden since rotavirus vaccination is not included in the Croatian national immunization program. Additionally, rotaviruses are widely distributed in the Croatian ecosystem. A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, emerged in February 2020 and spread rapidly throughout the country. This review focuses on emerging and neglected viruses of zoonotic importance detected in Croatia.