Image Test Libraries for the on-line self-test of functional units in GPUs running CNNs
Annachiara Ruospo, G. Gavarini, Antonio Porsia, M. Sonza Reorda, Ernesto Sánchez, Riccardo Mariani, J. Aribido, J. Athavale
Abstract
The widespread use of artificial intelligence (AI)-based systems has raised several concerns about their deployment in safety-critical systems. Industry standards, such as ISO26262 for automotive, require detecting hardware faults during the mission of the device. Similarly, new standards are being released concerning the functional safety of AI systems (e.g., ISO/IEC CD TR 5469). Hardware solutions have been proposed for the infield testing of the hardware executing AI applications; however, when used in applications such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) in image processing tasks, their usage may increase the hardware cost and affect the application performances. In this paper, for the very first time, a methodology to develop high-quality test images, to be interleaved with the normal inference process of the CNN application is proposed. An Image Test Library (ITL) is developed targeting the on-line test of GPU functional units. The proposed approach does not require changing the actual CNN (thus incurring in costly memory loading operations) since it is able to exploit the actual CNN structure. Experimental results show that a 6-image ITL is able to achieve about 95% of stuck-at test coverage on the floating-point multipliers in a GPU. The obtained ITL requires a very low test application time, as well as a very low memory space for storing the test images and the golden test responses.