Managing heat stress in goats for sustainable climate-resilient production
M. O. Ayoola, Oluwakamisi Festus Akinmoladun, Vincent Ishola Esan, Timothy O. Ogunbode, Christiana Afolabi, T. E. Lawal
Abstract
Heat stress has been identified as a significant factor affecting goat production, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions where elevated temperatures are prevalent. Numerous studies have documented the physiological and behavioural responses of goats to heat stress, such as reduced feed intake, lower growth rates, impaired reproductive performance and increased susceptibility to diseases. These effects lead(s) to decreased productivity and economic losses, which are exacerbated by climate change. This review highlights the impacts of heat stress on goats, focusing on key physiological responses such as altered reproduction, immune suppression, rumen dysfunction, acid-base imbalances, and oxidative stress. Heat stress also significantly impacts productivity by reducing feed intake, growth rates, and milk yields. High temperatures inhibit hypothalamic appetite regulation, leading to negative energy balance and reduced nutrient availability for milk synthesis. Meat quality is similarly affected, with changes in pH, tenderness, and colour. The review examines management strategies employed to mitigate these effects, including improvements in housing design for better shade and ventilation, optimised feeding regimes and water management systems. Additionally, digital technologies such as temperature sensors and automated cooling systems are discussed as innovative approaches to monitor and reduce heat stress. Genetic selection for heat tolerance is also explored as a potential long-term solution. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of heat stress in goats and offers insights into effective management practices. These findings can guide future research and practical applications to enhance goat welfare and productivity in heat-stressed environments.