Multidisciplinary team directed analysis of whole genome sequencing reveals pathogenic non-coding variants in molecularly undiagnosed inherited retinal dystrophies
Malena Daich Varela, James Bellingham, Fabiana Louise Motta, Neringa Jurkutė, Jamie M. Ellingford, Mathieu Quinodoz, Kathryn Oprych, Michael Niblock, Lucas Janeschitz‐Kriegl, Karolina Kamińska, Francesca Cancellieri, Hendrik P. N. Scholl, Eva Lenassi, Elena Schiff, Hannah Knight, Graeme C. Black, Carlo Rivolta, Michael E. Cheetham, Michel Michaelides, Omar A. Mahroo, Anthony T. Moore, Andrew R. Webster, Gavin Arno
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to identify likely pathogenic non-coding variants in inherited retinal dystrophy (IRD) genes, using genome sequencing (GS). Patients with IRD were recruited to the study and underwent comprehensive ophthalmological evaluation and GS. The results of GS were investigated through virtual gene panel analysis, and plausible pathogenic variants and clinical phenotype evaluated by the multidisciplinary team (MDT) discussion. For unsolved patients in whom a specific gene was suspected to harbor a missed pathogenic variant, targeted re-analysis of non-coding regions was performed on GS data. Candidate variants were functionally tested by messenger RNA analysis, minigene or luciferase reporter assays. Previously unreported, likely pathogenic, non-coding variants in 7 genes (PRPF31, NDP, IFT140, CRB1, USH2A, BBS10 and GUCY2D), were identified in 11 patients. These were shown to lead to mis-splicing (PRPF31, IFT140, CRB1 and USH2A) or altered transcription levels (BBS10 and GUCY2D). MDT-led, phenotype-driven, non-coding variant re-analysis of GS is effective in identifying the missing causative alleles.