Oxygen-Vacancy Abundant Nanoporous Ni/NiMnO<sub>3</sub>/MnO<sub>2</sub>@NiMn Electrodes with Ultrahigh Capacitance and Energy Density for Supercapacitors
Arpit Thomas, Ambrish Kumar, Gopinath Perumal, Ram K. Sharma, Vignesh K. Manivasagam, Ketul C. Popat, Aditya Ayyagari, Anqi Yu, Shalini Tripathi, Edgar C. Buck, Bharat Gwalani, Meha Bhogra, Harpreet Singh Arora
Abstract
High-performance energy storage devices (HPEDs) play a critical role in the realization of clean energy and thus enable the overarching pursuit of nonpolluting, green technologies. Supercapacitors are one class of such lucrative HPEDs; however, a serious limiting factor of supercapacitor technology is its sub-par energy density. This report presents hitherto unchartered pathway of physical deformation, chemical dealloying, and microstructure engineering to produce ultrahigh-capacitance, energy-dense NiMn alloy electrodes. The activated electrode delivered an ultrahigh specific-capacitance of 2700 F/cm 3 at 0.5 A/cm 3 . The symmetric device showcased an excellent energy density of 96.94 Wh/L and a remarkable cycle life of 95% retention after 10,000 cycles. Transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography studies revealed the evolution of a unique hierarchical microstructure comprising fine Ni/NiMnO 3 nanoligaments within MnO 2 -rich nanoflakes. Theoretical analysis using density functional theory showed semimetallic nature of the nanoscaled oxygen-vacancy-rich NiMnO 3 structure, highlighting enhanced carrier concentration and electronic conductivity of the active region. Furthermore, the geometrical model of NiMnO 3 crystals revealed relatively large voids, likely providing channels for the ion intercalation/de-intercalation. The current processing approach is highly adaptable and can be applied to a wide range of material systems for designing highly efficient electrodes for energy-storage devices.