Enhancing concrete properties with nano-SiO <sub>2</sub> and nano-TiO <sub>2</sub> : a review
Nadeem Nisar, Ibadur Rahman, Sagar Paruthi, Afzal Husain Khan, Ehab Sabi, Ahmad Alyaseen
Abstract
The incorporation of nanomaterials in concrete has emerged as a promising approach for enhancing mechanical strength and durability. This review provides a comprehensive comparative evaluation of the roles of nano-silica (NS) and nano-titanium (NT) in improving concrete properties, a perspective not extensively covered in prior reviews. The study critically examines the effects of varying dosages of NS and NT on compressive, split tensile, and flexural strength, along with key durability aspects such as resistance to sulfate and chloride attacks, freeze-thaw cycles, and permeability. A distinctive feature of this review is its microstructural analysis, highlighting how NS and NT influence C-S-H gel formation, porosity reduction, and interfacial transition zone (ITZ) densification. Furthermore, the review identifies emerging research gaps, including the synergistic effects of NS and NT with other nanomaterials (graphene and quantum dots), unexplored durability factors, and optimization challenges in practical applications. Additionally, the economic feasibility of NS and NT incorporation is discussed, considering cost-performance trade-offs and potential sustainability benefits. These insights provide a foundation for future advancements in nano-engineered concrete, making this review a valuable resource for researchers and industry professionals seeking to optimize concrete performance through nanotechnology.