Immunotherapy in lung cancer brain metastases
Eunice Paisana, Rita Cascão, Magda Alvoeiro, Francisco H C Felix, Guilherme Brandão Martins, Carla Guerreiro, Rafael Roque, Rafael Pereira da Cruz, Teresa R. Pacheco, Ana Amado, Filipa Ferro, Andrea Lopes Machado, Ana Sofia Vilariça, Direndra Hasmucrai, Paula M. Alves, Cláudia C. Faria
Abstract
Brain metastases (BM) occur frequently in lung cancer, particularly in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Standard therapies have limited efficacy due to poor crossing of the blood-brain barrier and the distinct features between BM and the primary tumor. This review explores the immune landscape of brain metastatic disease, emerging immunotherapeutic strategies, and promising biomarkers in NSCLC patients.