Changing prostaglandin E2 (PGE<sub>2</sub>) signaling during lesional progression and exacerbation of endometriosis by inhibition of PGE<sub>2</sub> receptor EP2 and EP4
Qingqing Huang, Xishi Liu, Sun‐Wei Guo
Abstract
Abstract Purpose We investigated the change, if any, in prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2 ) signaling in endometriotic lesions of different developmental stages in mouse. In addition, we evaluated the effect of treatment of mice with induced deep endometriosis (DE) with inhibitors of PGE 2 receptor subtypes EP2 and EP4 and metformin. Methods Three mouse experimentations were conducted. In Experiment 1, female Balb/C mice were induced with endometriosis or DE and were serially sacrificed after induction. Experiments 2 and 3 evaluated the effect of treatment with EP2 and EP4 inhibitors and metformin, respectively, in mice with induced DE. Immunohistochemistry analysis of COX‐2, EP2, and EP4, along with the extent of lesional fibrosis, was evaluated. Results The immunostaining of COX‐2, EP2, and EP4 turned from activation to a stall as lesions progressed. Treatment with EP2/EP4 inhibitors in DE mice exacerbated endometriosis‐associated hyperalgesia and promoted fibrogenesis in lesions even though it suppressed the PGE 2 signaling dose‐dependently. In contrast, treatment with metformin resulted in increased PGE 2 signaling, concomitant with improved hyperalgesia, and retarded lesional fibrogenesis. Conclusions The PGE 2 signaling diminishes as endometriotic lesions progress. Treatment with EP2/EP4 inhibitors in DE mice exacerbates endometriosis, but metformin appears to be promising seemingly through the induction of the PGE 2 signaling.