Vacancy-Enhanced Oxygen Redox Reversibility in P3-Type Magnesium-Doped Sodium Manganese Oxide Na<sub>0.67</sub>Mg<sub>0.2</sub>Mn<sub>0.8</sub>O<sub>2</sub>
Eun Jeong Kim, Le Anh, David M. Pickup, A. V. Chadwick, Reza Younesi, Philip A. Maughan, John T. S. Irvine, A. Robert Armstrong
Abstract
Lithium-rich layered oxides and sodium layered oxides represent attractive positive electrode materials exhibiting excess capacity delivered by additional oxygen redox activity. However, structural degradation in the bulk and detrimental reactions with the electrolyte on the surface often occur, leading to limited reversibility of oxygen redox processes. Here, we present the properties of P3-type Na0.67Mg0.2Mn0.8O2 synthesized under both air and oxygen. Both materials exhibit stable cycling performance in the voltage range of 1.8–3.8 V, where the Mn3+/Mn4+ redox couple entirely dominates the electrochemical reaction. Oxygen redox activity is triggered for both compounds in the wider voltage window 1.8–4.3 V with typical large voltage hysteresis from nonbonding O 2p states generated by substituted Mg. Interestingly, for the compound prepared under oxygen, an additional novel reversible oxygen redox activity is shown with an exceptionally small voltage hysteresis (20 mV). The presence of vacancies in the transition-metal layers is shown to play a critical role not only in forming unpaired O 2p states independent of substituted elements but also in stabilizing the P3 structure during charge with reduced structural transformation to the O’3 phase at the end of discharge. This study reveals the important role of vacancies in P3-type sodium layered oxides to increase energy density using both cationic and anionic redox processes.