Liquid chemical adulteration detection enhancement using a square enclosed Tri-Circle negative index metamaterial sensor
Muhammad Amir Khalil, Wong Hin Yong, Ahasanul Hoque, Md. Shabiul Islam, Yew-Chiong Lo, Cham Chin leei, Saleh Albadran, Mohamed S. Soliman, Mohammad Tariqul Islam
Abstract
This study introduces a Metamaterial 'M.M.' sensor designed and evaluated to detect pure and adulterated fuels and oils. The reflection coefficient was measured using advanced design systems and computer simulations, followed by computational and experimental analyses of the performance evolution of the proposed sensor. The proposed sensor was evaluated using samples of varying compositions of Coconut Oil 'C.O.', petrol and kerosene. The results demonstrated a noticeable change in the Resonance Frequency 'R.F.' of the samples upon modification of their concentration. The reflection coefficient values for petrol and a 20 % combination of kerosene were determined to be −44.81 dB at a frequency of 10.29 GHz and −41.07 dB at a frequency of 10.15 GHz. Similarly, for coconut oil and refined coconut oil, the reflection coefficient values were found to be −47.34 dB at a frequency of 11.239 GHz and −41.981 dB at a frequency of 11.15 GHz. The sensor exhibits a high-quality factor of 451.58, a good sensitivity value of 5.65 and a figure of merit of 2551.427, indicating its excellent performance and efficiency. The results demonstrate the versatility of the proposed sensor, making it suitable for a range of applications such as microfluidics and industrial settings.