Non-negligible Polyhalogenated Carbazoles in Arctic Soils and Sediments: Occurrence, Target and Suspect Screening, and Potential Sources
Qian Zou, Qinghua Zhang, Ruiqiang Yang, Yingming Li, Zhiguo Pei, Mei Liu, Gaoxin Zhang, Ji Feng, Xiaoli Zhang, Yang Xiaochun, Guibin Jiang
Abstract
The presence of polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs), which are emerging as dioxin-like contaminants, in remote polar regions has not been reported. This study investigated 11 target PHCZs (Σ 11 PHCZs) and 25 unknown PHCZs (Σ 25 UNPs) in soil and sediment samples collected from Ny-Ålesund in the Arctic. The findings revealed that Σ 11 PHCZs concentrations reached 165.6 ng/g dry weight (dw), with 3,6-dichlorocarbazole and 3-chlorocarbazole being the predominant congeners. The Σ 25 UNPs concentrations ranged from 1.4 to 92.4 ng/g dw (median: 17.0 ng/g dw), primarily comprising a 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole isomer. The sediment contained ∼6 times more Σ 25 UNPs than Σ 11 PHCZs. Long-range atmospheric transport, oceanic transport, and human activity can potentially affect soils and sediments concurrently. For the first time, halogen substitution patterns in PHCZs, including ClI, ClI 2, and ClI 3, were detected in soil and sediment. Using the toxic equivalent (TEQ) approach, the potential toxic effects linked to the target PHCZ levels were assessed. The TEQ PHCZs in Arctic soils and sediments indicated low risk, ranging from 8.0 × 10 –3 to 17 pg TEQ/g dw (median: 2.8 pg TEQ/g dw) and 0.1 to 0.4 pg TEQ/g dw (median: 0.3 pg TEQ/g dw), respectively. This study marks the first report on the occurrence, composition, sources, and potential risks posed by PHCZs in the Arctic region.