Biodegradable Poly(ester) Urethane Acrylate Resins for Digital Light Processing: From Polymer Synthesis to 3D Printed Tissue Engineering Constructs
Rong Wang, Febriyani Damanik, Tobias Kuhnt, Armand M. G. Jaminon, Shahzad Hafeez, Hong Liu, Hans Ippel, Pieter J. Dijkstra, Nicole D. Bouvy, Leon J. Schurgers, A. Tessa ten Cate, Aylvin A. Dias, Lorenzo Moroni, Matthew B. Baker
Abstract
Digital light processing (DLP) is an accurate and fast additive manufacturing technique to produce a variety of products, from patient-customized biomedical implants to consumer goods. However, DLP's use in tissue engineering has been hampered due to a lack of biodegradable resin development. Herein, a library of biodegradable poly(esters) capped with urethane acrylate (with variations in molecular weight) is investigated as the basis for DLP printable resins for tissue engineering. The synthesized oligomers show good printability and are capable of creating complex structures with mechanical moduli close to those of medium-soft tissues (1-3 MPa). While fabricated films from different molecular weight resins show few differences in surface topology, wettability, and protein adsorption, the adhesion and metabolic activity of NCTC clone 929 (L929) cells and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) are significantly different. Resins from higher molecular weight oligomers provide greater cell adhesion and metabolic activity. Furthermore, these materials show compatibility in a subcutaneous in vivo pig model. These customizable, biodegradable, and biocompatible resins show the importance of molecular tuning and open up new possibilities for the creation of biocompatible constructs for tissue engineering.