Crystal Splintering of β-MnO<sub>2</sub> Induced by Interstitial Ru Doping Toward Reversible Oxygen Conversion
Yindong Gu, Yuxiang Min, Li Li, Yuebin Lian, Hao Sun, Dan Wang, Mark H. Rümmeli, Jun Guo, Jun Zhong, Lai Xu, Yang Peng, Zhao Deng
Abstract
Among the various polymorphs of manganese oxides, β-MnO2 has been long regarded as an inert electrocatalyst for oxygen conversion due to its high thermodynamic stability and consummate lattice structure. Herein, for the first time, we report the phenomenon of crystal splintering induced by interstitial atomic doping for drastically enhancing the activities of both oxygen evolution (OER) and oxygen reduction (ORR) reactions for β-MnO2. Ru-doped β-MnO2 exhibits an ultralow OER and ORR voltage gap of only 0.63 V, which is the best ever observed for β-MnO2 and surpasses many state-of-the-art bifunctional oxygen catalysts reported to date. Through advanced microscopic and spectroscopic characterizations, in conjunction with theoretical understandings, the drastically improved OER activity is attributed to the highly under-coordinated Ru–O sites exposed on the surface upon crystal splintering, while the enhanced ORR property originates from the strained M–O configuration with enriched Mn3+ content and oxygen vacancies.