Detailed thermal reduction analyses of graphene oxide via in-situ TEM/EELS studies
Mario Peláez-Fernández, A. Bermejo, Ana M. Benito, Wolfgang K. Maser, Raúl Arenal
Abstract
We report an in-depth study of the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) by in-situ thermal transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. In-situ heating high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) imaging and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) measurements have been combined to identify the transformations of different oxygen functional groups, the desorption of physisorbed and chemisorbed water and the graphitisation as a function of the temperature in the range from 70 up to 1200 °C. A model for the general removal of water and OFGs is proposed based on different chemical and physical parameters that have been monitored. All this unique information provides a detailed roadmap of the thermal behaviour of GO at an extended range of temperature. This is not only of interest to understand the thermal reduction process of GO but also of critical relevance to the response of GO in applications when exposed to thermal effects.