A comparative analysis of different biofluids towards ovarian cancer diagnosis using Raman microspectroscopy
Panagiotis Giamougiannis, Camilo L. M. Morais, R Grabowska, Katherine M. Ashton, Nicholas Wood, Pierre L. Martin‐Hirsch, Francis Martin
Abstract
Abstract Biofluids, such as blood plasma or serum, are currently being evaluated for cancer detection using vibrational spectroscopy. These fluids contain information of key biomolecules, such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids, that comprise spectrochemical patterns to differentiate samples. Raman is a water-free and practically non-destructive vibrational spectroscopy technique, capable of recording spectrochemical fingerprints of biofluids with minimum or no sample preparation. Herein, we compare the performance of these two common biofluids (blood plasma and serum) together with ascitic fluid, towards ovarian cancer detection using Raman microspectroscopy. Samples from thirty-eight patients were analysed ( n = 18 ovarian cancer patients, n = 20 benign controls) through different spectral pre-processing and discriminant analysis techniques. Ascitic fluid provided the best class separation in both unsupervised and supervised discrimination approaches, where classification accuracies, sensitivities and specificities above 80% were obtained, in comparison to 60–73% with plasma or serum. Ascitic fluid appears to be rich in collagen information responsible for distinguishing ovarian cancer samples, where collagen-signalling bands at 1004 cm −1 (phenylalanine), 1334 cm −1 (CH 3 CH 2 wagging vibration), 1448 cm −1 (CH 2 deformation) and 1657 cm −1 (Amide I) exhibited high statistical significance for class differentiation ( P < 0.001). The efficacy of vibrational spectroscopy, in particular Raman spectroscopy, combined with ascitic fluid analysis, suggests a potential diagnostic method for ovarian cancer. Graphical abstract