Heavy baryon dark matter from <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mi>U</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math> confinement: Bubble wall velocity and boundary effects
Yann Gouttenoire, Eric Kuflik, D. Liu
Abstract
Confinement in <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><a:mi>S</a:mi><a:mi>U</a:mi><a:mo stretchy="false">(</a:mo><a:msub><a:mi>N</a:mi><a:mrow><a:mi>DC</a:mi></a:mrow></a:msub><a:mo stretchy="false">)</a:mo></a:math> Yang-Mills theories is known to proceed through first-order phase transition. The wall velocity is bounded by <e:math xmlns:e="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><e:msub><e:mi>v</e:mi><e:mi>w</e:mi></e:msub><e:mo>≲</e:mo><e:msup><e:mn>10</e:mn><e:mrow><e:mo>−</e:mo><e:mn>6</e:mn></e:mrow></e:msup></e:math> due to the needed time for the substantial latent heat released during the phase transition to dissipate through Hubble expansion. Quarks which are much heavier than the confinement scale can be introduced without changing the confinement dynamics. After they freeze-out, heavy quarks are squeezed into pockets of the deconfined phase until they completely annihilate with antiquarks. We calculate the dark baryon abundance surviving annihilation, due to bound-state formation occurring both in the bulk and—for the first time—at the boundary. We find that dark baryons can be dark matter with a mass up to <g:math xmlns:g="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><g:mrow><g:msup><g:mn>10</g:mn><g:mn>3</g:mn></g:msup><g:mtext> </g:mtext><g:mtext> </g:mtext><g:mi>TeV</g:mi></g:mrow></g:math>. We study indirect and direct detection, cosmic microwave background and big bang nucleosynthesis probes, assuming portals to Higgs and neutrinos. Published by the American Physical Society 2024