Improving Cost Learning for JPEG Steganography by Exploiting JPEG Domain Knowledge
Weixuan Tang, Bin Li, Mauro Barni, Jin Li, Jiwu Huang
Abstract
Although significant progress has been achieved recently in automatic learning of steganographic cost, the existing methods designed for spatial images cannot be directly applied to JPEG images which are more common media in daily life. The difficulties of migration are mainly caused by the characteristics of the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$8\times 8$ </tex-math></inline-formula> DCT mode structure. To address the issue, in this paper we extend an existing automatic cost learning scheme to JPEG, where the proposed scheme called JEC-RL (JPEG Embedding Cost with Reinforcement Learning) is explicitly designed to tailor the JPEG DCT structure. It works with the embedding action sampling mechanism under reinforcement learning, where a policy network learns the optimal embedding policies via maximizing the rewards provided by an environment network. Following a domain-transition design paradigm, the policy network is composed of three modules, i.e., pixel-level texture complexity evaluation module, DCT feature extraction module, and mode-wise rearrangement module. These modules operate in serial, gradually extracting useful features from a decompressed JPEG image and converting them into embedding policies for DCT elements, while considering JPEG characteristics including inter-block and intra-block correlations simultaneously. The environment network is designed in a gradient-oriented way to provide stable reward values by using a wide architecture equipped with a fixed preprocessing layer with <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$8\times 8$ </tex-math></inline-formula> DCT basis filters. Extensive experiments and ablation studies demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve good security performance for JPEG images against both advanced feature-based and modern CNN-based steganalyzers.