Ultra-high energy storage in lead-free NaNbO3-based relaxor ceramics with directional slush-like polar structures design
Zhentao Wang, Da Li, Wenyuan Liu, Liqiang He, Diming Xu, Jinnan Liu, Jiajia Ren, Xin Wang, Yang Liu, Guoqiang He, Jian Bao, Zhen Fang, Guiwei Yan, Liang Xu, Tao Zhou, Weichen Zhao, Wenfeng Liu, Dong Wang, Di Zhou
Abstract
Multilayer ceramic capacitors with ultra-high-power densities are widely used in electronic power systems. However, achieving a balance between high energy density and efficiency remains a substantial challenge that limits the practical application of advanced technologies. Here, guided by a phase-field simulation method, we propose a directional slush-like polar structure design with nanodomains embedded in polar orthorhombic matrix in NaNbO3-based lead-free multilayer ceramic capacitors. This strategy can effectively reduce the hysteresis loss by lowering domain size and improve the breakdown electric field by grain refining, which leads to a high energy storage density of 14.1 J▪cm−3 and an ultrahigh energy storage efficiency of 96.8% in multilayer ceramic capacitors. The proposed strategy can be utilized to design high-performance energy storage dielectrics and other related functionalities. The authors realize the enhancement of energy storage performance of NaNbO3-based multilayer ceramic capacitors guided by phase-field simulation through the design of directional slush-like structures.