Cognitive disorders in patients with chronic kidney disease: specificities of clinical assessment
Marion Pépin, Ana Carina Ferreira, Mustafa Arıcı, Maie Bachman, Michelangela Barbieri, Inga Arūnė Bumblytė, Sol Carriazo, Pilar Delgado, Liliana Gârneaţă, Konstantinos Giannakou, Olivier Godefroy, Tomasz Grodzicki, Aleksandra Klimkowicz‐Mrowiec, Justina Kurganaite, Sophie Liabeuf, Carmen-Antonia Mocanu, Giuseppe Paolisso, Goce Spasovski, Evgueniy Vazelov, Davide Viggiano, Carmine Zoccali, Ziad A. Massy, Andrzej Więcek, CONNECT Action (Cognitive Decline in Nephro-Neurology European Cooperative Target), Giovambattista Capasso, Alexandre Andrade, Maie Bachmann, Inga Arūnė Bumblytė, Adrian Covic, Pilar Delgado, Nicole Endlich, Andreas Engvig, Denis Fouque, Casper Franssen, Sebastian Frische, Liliana Gârneaţă, Loreto Gesualdo, Konstantinos Giannakou, Dimitrios Goumenos, Ayşe Tuğba Kartal, Laila-Yasmin Mani, Hans-Peter Marti, Christopher Mayer, Rikke Nielsen, Vesna Pešić, Merita Rroji, Giorgos K. Sakkas, Goce Spasovski, Kate Stevens, Evgueniy Vazelov, Davide Viggiano, Lefteris C. Zacharia, Ana Carina Ferreira, Jolanta Małyszko, Ewout J. Hoorn, Andreja Figurek, Robert J. Unwin, Carsten A. Wagner, Christoph Wanner, Annette Bruchfeld, Marion Pépin, Andrzej Więcek, Dorothea Nitsch, Ivo Fridolin, Gaye Hafez, María José Soler Romeo, Michelangela Barbieri, Bojan Batinić, Laura Carrasco, Sol Carriazo, Ron T. Gansevoort, Gianvito Martino, Francesco Mattace‐Raso, Ionuţ Nistor, Alberto Ortíz, Giuseppe Paolisso, Daiva Rastenytė, Gabriel Ştefan, Gioacchino Tedeschi, Ziad A. Massy, Boris Bikbov, Karlhans Endlich, Olivier Godefroy, Jean‐Marc Chillon, Anastassia Kossioni, Justina Kurganaite, Norberto Perico, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Tomasz Grodzicki, Francesco Trepiccione, Carmine Zoccali, Mustafa Arıcı, Peter J. Blankestijn, Kai‐Uwe Eckardt, Danilo Fliser, Eugenio Gutiérrez Jiménez, Maximilian König, Ivan Rychlík, Michela Deleidi, György Reusz
Abstract
Neurocognitive disorders are frequent among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Identifying and characterizing cognitive impairment (CI) can help to assess the ability of adherence to CKD risk reduction strategy, identify potentially reversible causes of cognitive decline, modify pharmacotherapy, educate the patient and caregiver and provide appropriate patient and caregiver support. Numerous factors are associated with the development and progression of CI in CKD patients and various conditions can influence the results of cognitive assessment in these patients. Here we review clinical warning signs that should lead to cognitive screening; conditions frequent in CKD at risk to interfere with cognitive testing or performance, including specificities of cognitive assessment in dialysis patients or after kidney transplantation; and available tests for screening and observed cognitive patterns in CKD patients.