International, Multispecialty Expert Consensus on Nomenclature for Facial Paralysis
Samuel L. Oyer, Rachel Baptista, Kofi Boahene, Gregory H. Borschel, Patrick J. Byrne, David Chwei‐Chin Chuang, Jacob K. Dey, Jackie Diels, P. Guerreschi, Eyal Gur, Tessa A. Hadlock, Laura Hetzler, Jennifer Kim, Michael Klebuc, D. Labbé, Luis Lassaletta, Myriam Loyo, Samir Mardini, Matthew Q. Miller, Jon‐Paul Pepper, Shai M. Rozen, Alison K. Snyder‐Warwick, Scott J. Stephan, Kallirroi Tzafetta, Babak Azizzadeh
Abstract
Background: Variable terminology is used in the literature to describe facial synkinesis and hypertonicity following incomplete recovery from facial paralysis and its associated medical and surgical treatments. Study Objectives: Establish a nomenclature consensus for this condition among a group of facial nerve experts. Design Type: Consensus study. Methods: Using modified Delphi methodology, an international, multidisciplinary group of facial nerve experts reviewed the terminology for the name of the clinical condition and treatments of interest. Online surveys and a virtual discussion were performed to establish consensus, defined a priori as agreement by 80% of the group. Results: Twenty-five facial nerve experts established consensus after three Delphi rounds. Consensus terminology for the condition is “facial synkinesis” with 84% agreement. Medical treatment is termed “chemodenervation” with 100% agreement. Surgical treatments including “selective facial neurectomy,” “selective facial neurotomy,” “selective facial myectomy,” and “selective facial myotomy,” were defined and reached agreement of 100%. Conclusions: This international group of facial nerve experts has recommended standardized nomenclature for the condition of facial synkinesis and its various treatments. While “facial synkinesis” reached consensus as the preferred term, some experts noted it may insufficiently describe the full clinical spectrum, which includes muscle hypertonicity, weakness, and spontaneous twitching.