From Clinical Trials to Clinical Use of Checkpoint Inhibitors for Patients With Metastatic Urothelial Cancer
Rosa Tambaro, Marilena Di Napoli, Carmela Pisano, Sabrina Chiara Cecere, Laura Attademo, Sabrina Rossetti, Florinda Feroce, Sergio Venanzio Setola, Daniela Califano, Daniela Russo, Anna Spina, Sisto Perdonà, Alessandro Izzo, Sandro Pignata
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies targeting the checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs), programmed cell death protein-1 or programmed cell death ligand-1, are changing the landscape of urothelial carcinoma therapeutics. Overall, clinical studies in metastatic or advanced urothelial cancer showed that CPIs provided a slight improvement in survival and a relevant advantage in safety, compared with chemotherapy. After reviewing published and ongoing trials, the authors discuss expected answers to unmet needs, with a special attention to the research of biological markers for patients with urothelial cancer eligible for treatment with CPIs in this article.