Antimicrobial prescribing guidelines for dairy cattle

Abstract

These Guidelines and any recommendations presented in the Guidelines: Persons involved in the preparation of the Guidelines accept no responsibility or liability (in contract, tort including negligence or otherwise) for any consequence, damage, cost, expense, claim or loss (including indirect loss, consequential loss, special loss, loss of profit, or loss of business opportunity) arising in any way out of: Antimicrobials are one of the most important medical developments of the 20th century and are used to safely treat many common infections in humans and animals. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when the microorganisms that cause infection, such as bacteria and viruses, become resistant to medical treatment with antimicrobial agents. Australia was one of the first nations to embark on a comprehensive reform process aimed at protecting humans and animals from the harmful effects of AMR and has remained at the forefront of antimicrobial stewardship globally. AMR is recognised as a global health priority due to its adverse effects on public health, animal health, welfare and production, and the economy. Inappropriate use of antimicrobials in humans and animals has accelerated the process. A shared One Health approach, working across the human, animal and environmental health sectors, and promoting antimicrobial stewardship across a range of industries, is a key component of how we address AMR. As a major exporter of high-quality food products, Australia has taken a proactive approach to managing food safety issues, including the use of antimicrobials. Antimicrobials are an essential tool for dairy farmers and veterinarians to ensure the health and welfare of animals in their care. Overall, the Australian dairy industry has very low antimicrobial usage compared to other countries and holds a favourable reputation for low levels of AMR. The industry is, therefore, well-placed to play a leading role in how we address AMR more broadly across the animal health sector. The dairy industry's “as little as possible, as much as necessary” method is particularly commendable and demonstrates their commitment to using antimicrobials responsibly. In closing, I would like to recognise the important stewardship role dairy cattle veterinarians play in promoting the appropriate use of antimicrobials on dairy farms. These best-practice, evidence-based prescribing guidelines have been developed specifically for the dairy industry and will help attending veterinarians make good decisions about their use (or otherwise) of antimicrobials. I extend my sincere thanks to everyone who contributed to the development of these guidelines and urge all dairy cattle veterinarians to apply this advice. In doing so, you will help safeguard the ongoing, long-term efficacy of antimicrobials, deliver best practice veterinary service, and play an integral role in the global response to AMR. Dr Mark Schipp Australian Chief Veterinary Officer John is Associate Professor of Livestock Health and Production and Head of The Livestock Veterinary Teaching and Research Unit at the University of Sydney. He is a registered specialist in livestock medicine with a keen interest in veterinary clinical practice and dairy cattle management. He completed a Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Veterinary Medical Science at Murdoch University in 1986, became a Diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine in 1994 and completed a PhD in Veterinary Comparative Pathology at the University of California in 1997. As a clinical academic, he gets to apply the diversity of skills and resources available in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney to investigate individual animal and herd level problems. Clinical interests include animal husbandry, medicine, surgery, and reproduction. He enjoys utilising herd records to benchmark performance and investigate herd problems. His main research areas relate to the diagnosis, treatment, management, and prevention of infectious diseases. Matt completed his veterinary degree from the University of Sydney in 2004, and after spending a few years working in mixed dairy practice on the south coast of NSW, he returned to Sydney University of Sydney to undertake a residency in Ruminant health and production. Matt completed a Masters degree in the field of neonatal calf diarrhoea in 2009 and became a fellow of the Australian and New Zealand College of Veterinary Scientists in the field of dairy cattle medicine and management in in 2012. Matt is one of the few registered veterinary specialists in dairy cattle in Australia. Since completing his residency, Matt has worked in large dairy practices in Victoria and Tasmania. Matt is a member of the Apiam Animal Health Antimicrobial Stewardship Working Group and has been active in the development of on farm treatment protocols. Jacqui is Professor of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases and Head of School and Dean of the Sydney School of Veterinary Science, at the University of Sydney. She is a registered practicing veterinarian and is passionate about practical research projects and education programs for veterinary professionals, animal breeders and animal owners. Her main research areas include: (1) Development of diagnostics and treatments for companion animal viral diseases; (2) Q fever; (3) Multidrug resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus species; (4) Infection prevention and control in veterinary practices; (5) Chronic renal disease in domestic and zoo Felids and (6) Factors influencing antimicrobial prescribing behaviour of vets and health professionals. She is the co-founder of the AMR Vet collective (www.amrvetcollective.com). Stephen is a consultant veterinary clinical pharmacologist and toxicologist and founder and sole director of Advanced Veterinary Therapeutics–a consulting company that provides advice on appropriate use of veterinary medicines to veterinarians, veterinary organisations (Australian Veterinary Association, World Veterinary Association, World Organisation for Animal Health), state and national government departments and statutory bodies (APVMA, Department of Agriculture, Department of Health, US Environmental Protection Agency), and global organisations (OIE, FAO, Chatham House). He is a member of the AVA Antimicrobial of Resistance Advisory Group (ARAG), a member of the ASTAG committee on antimicrobial prioritisation; in 2017 he became President of the ANZCVS Chapter of Pharmacology, and is a Stephen is a consultant veterinary clinical pharmacologist and toxicologist and founder and sole director of Advanced Veterinary Therapeutics–a consulting company that provides advice on appropriate use of veterinary medicines to veterinarians, veterinary organisations (Australian Veterinary Association, World Veterinary Association, World Organisation for Animal Health), state and national government departments and statutory bodies (APVMA, Department of Agriculture, Department of Health, US Environmental Protection Agency), and global organisations (OIE, FAO, Chatham House). He is a member of the AVA Antimicrobial of Resistance Advisory Group (ARAG), a member of the ASTAG committee on antimicrobial prioritisation; in 2017 he became President of the ANZCVS Chapter of Pharmacology and is a member the World Veterinary Association Pharmaceutical Stewardship Committee. He has more than 100 publications on which he is author or editor, including chapters on antimicrobial stewardship, clinical pharmacology, adverse drug reactions, use of antimicrobial agents in livestock, and antimicrobial drug discovery and models of infection. He has been a teacher and facilitator of courses at the University of Sydney on food safety, public health and antimicrobial resistance since 2003. He is regularly invited to speak nationally and internationally at a broad range of conferences and symposia, especially on the subjects of antimicrobial use, antimicrobial stewardship and He his first on veterinary antimicrobial resistance and stewardship at the AVA in in and passionate about the use and of antimicrobial agents. is Professor in Veterinary of the for Animal Health and of Research at the Veterinary School at the University of He completed a Bachelor of Veterinary Science with at the University of Sydney in a of Veterinary Clinical in Animal Medicine and at the University of Sydney in and a PhD in Veterinary at the University of in He was a Veterinary Research Officer at the Research in from to viral in the of the of Veterinary Science at the University of and has been a member of and research since He in veterinary and He is a of the Australian Veterinary Association, a of the Australian for Microbiology and of the Organisation for He is a of research and has on in the 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