Undiagnosed G6PD Deficiency in Black and Asian Individuals Is Prevalent and Contributes to Health Inequalities in Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosis and Complications
Susan F. Martin, Miriam Samuel, Daniel Stow, Alys M. Ridsdale, Ji Chen, Katherine Young, Harry Green, Andrew T. Hattersley, Veline L’Esperance, Trevelyan J. McKinley, Sarah Finer, Inês Barroso, Eamonn Maher, Shabana Chaudhary, Joseph Gafton, Karen A. Hunt, Shapna Hussain, Kamrul Islam, Hilary C. Martin, Mohammed Bodrul Mazid, Elizabeth Owor, Jessry Russell, Nishat Safa, John Solly, Marie Spreckley, David A. van Heel, Jan Whalley, Ishevanhu Zengeya, Emily Mantle, Shaheen Akhtar, Samina Ashraf, Dan Mason, John Wright, Daniel G. MacArthur, Michael A. Simpson, Richard C. Trembath, Gerome Breen, Raymond Chung, Sang Hyuck Lee, Omar Asgar, Joanne E. Harvey, Karen Tricker, Caroline Winckley, Hanifa Khatun, Amna Asif, Claudia Langenberg, Grainne Colligan, Ceri Durham, Bill Newman, Ahsan Khan, Teng Heng, Matt Hurles, Vivek Iyer, Georgios Kalantzis, Vladimir Ovchinnikov, Iaroslav Popov, Klaudia Walter, Panos Deloukas, David Collier, Ana Angel, Saeed Bidi, Fabíola Eto, Sarah Finer, Chris Griffiths, Sam Hodgson, Benjamin M. Jacobs, Rohini Mathur, Caroline E Morton, Asma Qureshi, Stuart Rison, Annum Salman, Miriam Samuel, Moneeza K. Siddiqui, Daniel Stow, Sabina Yasmin, Julia Zöllner, Sheik Dowlut
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency presents silently and is not routinely screened. It is associated with markedly lower HbA1c for the prevailing glucose levels. Since HbA1c is internationally recommended to diagnose and manage type 2 diabetes (T2D), we investigated the population-level impact of undiagnosed G6PD deficiency on T2D diagnosis and complications in the U.K. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We used whole-exome sequencing and electronic health record data from UK Biobank (n = 467,368) and Genes & Health (n = 43,011) cohorts. RESULTS: In the U.K., we estimated that ∼1 in 7 Black and 1 in 63 Asian males carry G6PD deficiency alleles, compared with fewer than 1 in 10,000 White males. Despite this, less than 1 in 50 G6PD-deficient men are clinically recognized. Male G6PD carriers have considerably lower average HbA1c (0.9% [International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine: 10.0 mmol/mol]) compared with noncarriers, while differences in average glucose were negligible. G6PD-deficient men had 1.37 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.86) higher odds of developing diabetes-related microvascular complications than noncarriers. Although risk factors were similar prior to diagnosis, male G6PD carriers diagnosed with T2D since 2011 were, on average, 4.1 years (95% CI: 0.6, 7.7) older at diagnosis compared with noncarriers. In addition, lower mean HbA1c values in G6PD carriers falsely underestimated their 10-year T2D risk. CONCLUSIONS: Undiagnosed G6PD deficiency has significant impact on T2D diagnosis with HbA1c and associates with increased risk of diabetes complications. This has major implications for global populations using HbA1c for diagnosis and monitoring, and could contribute significantly to inequalities in diabetes outcomes.