Subharmonic Scattering of SonoVue Microbubbles Within 10–40-mmHg Overpressures <i>In Vitro</i>
Gang Xu, Huimin Lu, Huayu Yang, Deyu Li, Rong Liu, Min Su, Bao Jin, Changcan Li, Tao Lv, Shunda Du, Jiayin Yang, Weibao Qiu, Yilei Mao, Fei Li
Abstract
Ultrasound contrast agent microbubbles are considered promising sensors to measure portal vein pressure noninvasively. In this study, we investigated the subharmonic scattering power and optimal incident acoustic pressure of SonoVue microbubbles (concentration: <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1~\mu \text{L}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> /mL 0.9% NaCl solution) in the ambient pressure range of 10–40 mmHg with 10-mmHg increments at a temperature of 25 °C. The results demonstrated that the subharmonic response of the SonoVue microbubbles existed in three stages: the first growth stage (40–300 kPa), saturation (300–400 kPa), and the second growth stage (400–540 kPa). In the first growth stage, the subharmonic amplitude increased with ambient pressure. However, while the ambient pressure increased, the subharmonic amplitude decreased in the second growth stage. The best correlation of the subharmonic amplitudes with the ambient pressures was obtained at a high incident acoustic pressure of 520 kPa (sensitivity: 0.15 dB/mmHg, <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${r}^{{{2}}} =0.99$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , and root-mean-square error = 0.49 mmHg), which indicated that the subharmonic signals in the second growth stage might be suitable for estimating low ambient pressures. The results presented in our study may pave the way for portal vein pressure estimation using SonoVue microbubbles as sensors in clinical applications.