Strengthening global health security through antimicrobial resistance control: Insights from Saudi Arabia
Haytham A. Sheerah, Abdullah Algwizani, Riyad Q Alghamdi, Emad Lafi Almohammadi, Ada M Al-Qunaibe, Hebah Mahmoud Dada, Homoud S. Algarni, Safaa M Tunkar, Asmaa M. Altamimi, Yasir S. Almuzaini, Duncan Selbie
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant threat to global health security, and Saudi Arabia plays a key role in addressing this challenge. This review highlights Saudi Arabia's National Action Plan, which focuses on improving data collection, monitoring AMR trends, and promoting the responsible use of antimicrobials in human and veterinary medicine. While the Kingdom has shown leadership in regional AMR control efforts, recent data indicate rising resistance rates among key pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, posing a growing public health concern. Additionally, gaps in AMR surveillance persist, particularly in rural and underserved regions, limiting comprehensive resistance tracking. Efforts to address AMR have included nationwide antibiotic stewardship programs, legal reforms restricting over-the-counter antibiotic sales, and enhanced public awareness campaigns, but challenges remain in ensuring sustained implementation and compliance across all healthcare and agricultural sectors. Strengthening surveillance systems, increasing public awareness, and fostering international collaborations are crucial to managing AMR within Saudi Arabia and mitigating its global impact.