How the Chalcogen Atom Size Dictates the Hydrogen‐Bond Donor Capability of Carboxamides, Thioamides, and Selenoamides
Celine Nieuwland, Célia Fonseca Guerra
Abstract
Abstract The amino groups of thio‐ and selenoamides can act as stronger hydrogen‐bond donors than of carboxamides, despite the lower electronegativity of S and Se. This phenomenon has been experimentally explored, particularly in organocatalysis, but a sound electronic explanation is lacking. Our quantum chemical investigations show that the NH 2 groups in thio‐ and selenoamides are more positively charged than in carboxamides. This originates from the larger electronic density flow from the nitrogen lone pair of the NH 2 group towards the lower‐lying π* C=S and π* C=Se orbitals than to the high‐lying π* C=O orbital. The relative energies of the π* orbitals result from the overlap between the chalcogen n p and carbon 2p atomic orbitals, which is set by the carbon‐chalcogen equilibrium distance, a consequence of the Pauli repulsion between the two bonded atoms. Thus, neither the electronegativity nor the often‐suggested polarizability but the steric size of the chalcogen atom determines the amide's hydrogen‐bond donor capability.