Advances in invasive and non-invasive glucose monitoring: A review of microwave-based sensors
Ameer B. Alsultani, Katalin J. Kovács, J. Geoffrey Chase, Balázs Benyó
Abstract
• Advances in Microwave-Based Glucose Monitoring: The review explores both invasive and non-invasive glucose monitoring sensors leveraging microwave (MW) technology. • Comparative Sensor Analysis: Various MW sensors are analyzed based on design methodologies, sensitivity, operational range, and clinical applicability. • Sensitivity and Accuracy Challenges: The study highlights the limitations of existing MW glucose sensors, particularly in maintaining accuracy across the full physiological range. • Potential for Non-Invasive Monitoring: MW sensors offer the promise of real-time, painless glucose monitoring with reduced interference from biological tissues. • Future Research Directions: The study identifies key gaps in MW glucose monitoring technologies, emphasizing the need for enhanced sensitivity, improved non-invasive designs, and integration with telehealth solutions. Effective and continuous glucose monitoring is critical in managing diabetes, which remains a global health challenge affecting millions. Traditional invasive glucose monitoring methods, although accurate, cause discomfort and are unsuitable for frequent measurements necessary for optimal diabetes management. To overcome these limitations, microwave-based sensors have emerged as promising alternatives, providing both invasive and non-invasive monitoring capabilities. This review critically evaluates recent advancements in microwave-based glucose sensors, emphasizing their design methodologies, sensitivity, accuracy, and clinical applicability. By leveraging unique dielectric properties of blood and tissues affected by glucose concentrations, microwave sensors enable precise and potentially pain-free glucose measurements. Despite significant progress, existing sensor technologies face challenges including limited sensitivity ranges, interference from biological tissues, and practical considerations for clinical adoption. This paper aims to guide researchers and healthcare providers by highlighting recent technological innovations, addressing current limitations, and suggesting directions for future research to advance glucose monitoring technologies towards widespread clinical use.