Photovoltaic Cell Operating Temperature Models: A Review of Correlations and Parameters
Letícia de Oliveira Santos, Paulo César Marques de Carvalho, Clodoaldo de Oliveira Carvalho Filho
Abstract
A review of photovoltaic (PV) cell operating temperature ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T_{\text {c}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> ) steady-state models developed from the year 2000 onward is shown in the present article. The goal is to help researchers and professionals in the field to choose the most significant parameters and suitable experimental arrangements to compose an accurate steady-state model. Initially, a brief description of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T_{\text {c}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> is given and an overview of the models for calculating <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T_{\text {c}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> is presented. We present a summary of 33 correlations found in the literature for estimating <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T_{\text {c}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> and the synthesis of those correlations in three general forms. Additionally, we highlight the main parameters in the analyzed correlations along with their most accurate data collection methods. The parameters with the greatest influence on <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T_{\text {c}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> , appearing in a significant number of formulations, are discussed: solar absorbance, electrical efficiency, and transmittance of the PV cell/module glass cover; irradiance; ambient temperature; wind speed. Strategies of obtaining <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T_{\text {c}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> —using the module back side temperature or an internal sensor for direct measurement—for model validation purposes are also discussed.