A mini review: highly sensitive and selective pyrazole/pyrazoline fluorescent probes for detection of Hg <sup>2+</sup> ions in aqueous medium
Md. Zafer Alam, Md. Mohasin, Suhail Ahmad, Umme Salma, Salman A. Khan
Abstract
The increasing environmental pollution and associated health risks related to heavy metal contamination have driven extensive research in developing acute and particular chemosensors for identification of toxic heavy metals especially mercury ions (Hg2+). The chemical properties of pyrazole and pyrazoline derivatives, including ability to form stable complexes with Hg2+, make them candidates for sensor development. This review explores diverse synthetic strategies for preparation of sensors, that selectively and sensitively enhance or quench fluorescence after adding of Hg2+ ions. Additionally, the review also identifies the sensing mechanisms of pyrazole/pyrazoline derivatives towards Hg2+ ions, and highlights various sensing platforms, including colorimetric and fluorometric, employed to detect and quantify Hg2+ ions. This review also addresses challenges and future prospects in the formation of pyrazole and pyrazoline-based sensors for Hg2+ ions. This review provides insights (from 2014–2023) into the synthesis, and uses of these derivatives as chemosensors for detection of Hg2+.