Neuroimaging-based data-driven subtypes of spatiotemporal atrophy due to Parkinson’s disease
Zeena Shawa, Cameron Shand, Beatrice Taylor, Henk W. Berendse, Chris Vriend, Tim D. van Balkom, Odile A. van den Heuvel, Ysbrand D. van der Werf, Jiun‐Jie Wang, Chih‐Chien Tsai, Jason Druzgal, Benjamin T. Newman, Tracy R. Melzer, Toni L. Pitcher, John C. Dalrymple‐Alford, Tim Anderson, Gaëtan Garraux, Mario Rango, Petra Schwingenschuh, Melanie Suette, Laura M. Parkes, Sarah Al–Bachari, Johannes Klein, Michele T M Hu, Corey T. McMillan, Fabrizio Piras, Daniela Vecchio, Clelia Pellicano, Chencheng Zhang, Kathleen L. Poston, Elnaz Ghasemi, Fernando Cendes, Clarissa Lin Yasuda, Duygu Tosun, Philip Mosley, Paul M. Thompson, Neda Jahanshad, Conor Owens‐Walton, Emile d’Angremont, Eva M. van Heese, Max A. Laansma, André Altmann, ENIGMA Parkinson’s Disease Working Group, Max A. Laansma, Joanna K. Bright, Sarah Al-Bachari, Tim Anderson, Tyler Ard, Francesca Assogna, Katherine Baquero, Henk W. Berendse, Benajmin Newman, Fernando Cendes, John C Dalrymple-Alford, Rob M.A. de Bie, Ines Debove, Michiel F. Dirkx, Jason Druzgal, Hedley Emsley, Gaëtan Garraux, Rachel Guimarães, Boris A. Gutman, Rick C. Helmich, Johannes Klein, Clare E. Mackay, Corey T. McMillan, Tracy R Melzer, Laura M. Parkes, Fabrizio Piras, Toni L. Pitcher, Kathleen L. Poston, Mario Rango, Letícia Ribeiro, Cristiane S. Rocha, Christian Rummel, Lucas S. R. Santos, Reinhold Schmidt, Petra Schwingenschuh, Gianfranco Spalletta, Letizia Squarcina, Odile A. van den Heuvel, Chris Vriend, Jiun‐Jie Wang, Daniel Weintraub, Roland Wiest, Clarissa Lin Yasuda, Neda Jahanshad, Paul M Thompson, Ysbrand D. van der Werf, Rimona S. Weil, Neil P. Oxtoby
Abstract
Abstract Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Despite this, there are no robust biomarkers to predict progression, and understanding of disease mechanisms is limited. We used the Subtype and Stage Inference algorithm to characterize Parkinson’s disease heterogeneity in terms of spatiotemporal subtypes of macroscopic atrophy detectable on T1-weighted MRI—a successful approach used in other neurodegenerative diseases. We trained the model on covariate-adjusted cortical thicknesses and subcortical volumes from the largest known T1-weighted MRI dataset in Parkinson’s disease, Enhancing Neuroimaging through Meta-Analysis consortium Parkinson’s Disease dataset (n = 1100 cases). We tested the model by analyzing clinical progression over up to 9 years in openly-available data from people with Parkinson’s disease from the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (n = 584 cases). Under cross-validation, our analysis supported three spatiotemporal atrophy subtypes, named for the location of the earliest affected regions as: ‘Subcortical’ (n = 359, 33%), ‘Limbic’ (n = 237, 22%) and ‘Cortical’ (n = 187, 17%). A fourth subgroup having sub-threshold/no atrophy was named ‘Sub-threshold atrophy’ (n = 317, 29%). Statistical differences in clinical scores existed between the no-atrophy subgroup and the atrophy subtypes, but not among the atrophy subtypes. This suggests that the prime T1-weighted MRI delineator of clinical differences in Parkinson’s disease is atrophy severity, rather than atrophy location. Future work on unravelling the biological and clinical heterogeneity of Parkinson’s disease should leverage more sensitive neuroimaging modalities and multimodal data.