Secondary Chemical Cross-Linking to Improve Mechanical Properties in a Multifaceted Biocompatible Strain Sensor
Ritvika Kushwaha, Souradeep Dey, Kanika Gupta, Biman B. Mandal, Debapratim Das
Abstract
A new conductive and transparent organohydrogel is developed with high stretchability, excellent mechanical, self-healing, antifreezing, and adhesive properties. A simple one-pot polymerization method is used to create polyacrylamide cross-linked through N, N ′-methylenebis(acrylamide) (MBAA) and divinylbenzene (DVB). The dual chemical cross-linked gel network is complemented by several physical cross-links via hydrogen bonding and π–π interaction. Multiple chemical and physical cross-links are used to construct the gel network that allows toughness (171 kPa), low modulus (≈45 kPa), excellent stretchability (>1100%), and self-healing ability. The use of appropriate proportions of the water/glycerol binary solvent system ensures efficient environment tolerance (−20 to 40 °C). Phytic acid is used as a conductive filler that provides excellent conductivity and contributes to the physical cross-linking. Dopamine is incorporated in the gel matrix, which endows excellent adhesive property of the gel. The organohydrogel-based strain sensors are developed with state-independent properties, highly linear dependence, and excellent antifatigue performance (>100 cycles). Moreover, during the practical wearable sensing tests, human motions can be detected, including speaking, smiling, and joint movement. Additionally, the sensor is biocompatible, indicating the potential applications for the next generation of epidermal sensors.